Official Name: French Republic.
Capital: Paris.
President: Francois Hollande.
Form of Government: Republic,
Semi-presidential System.
Official Languages: French.
Population: 66, 553, 766.
Geographic coordinates: 48.52º N, 2.20ºE.
Currency: Euro.
GDP: $41, 400 dollars per capita.
Religions: Christian (Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Jewish .5- .75 %,
Buddist .5-.75%, other .5-1.0%, none 23-28%.
Member of the ONU: October 24, 1945.
Delegate´s name: Sofía Castañeda García .
Over time, Celtic tribes from central Europe moved into the region. When the
Romans occupied the territory in the second century B.C., they named it Gaul.
Julius Caesar established full Roman control over
Gaul in 51 B.C. Gaul was attacked by neighbouring tribes, from which France
would eventually get its name. In 843 a treaty created the territory of West France,
which would later become France.
Over the next thousand years, several wars were fought over who would rule
France, including the Hundred Years War. The French Revolution began,
eventually ending in the overthrow of the monarchy. Napoleon Bonaparte, a
general during the French Revolution, declared himself leader of France in 1799
and began a campaign of wars with the country's neighbours. He was defeated at
the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. France later suffered great losses in both
World War I and World War II. It has since emerged, though, as an important and
prosperous world power.[2]
Environmental crime is an act against the
environment that violates environmental defined laws. It threatens nations that
depend for their healthy living; it endangers wildlife, creates pollution,
creates massive deforestation and affects ecosystems. It has become the world´s
four largest crime sector; as a result, UNEP
and ITERPOL began to fight this crime in 1992. Lately, many awareness programs have been surging and they work as
a tool to fight this threat.
Regarding reducing the environmental crime, the solutions that some nations have been
purposed are securing peace and sustainable development by sharing information
and creating awareness on people, to recognize environmental crimes as a threat
to the world and implement penalties and improve legislation, financial support
and building technological support to abolish crime and strengthen economic
incentives. Emphasizing the response to
environmental crime, the seven leading economies had cooperated against
environmental crime in 1998 by a meeting of the national leaders in England.
Regarding our country’s present situation on environmental crime; France has a specialised judicial
police: the OCLAESP, (Central Office against Infringements of Environment and
Public Health). Whose aim is to deal with all disputes arising out of attacks
on the environment and public health. Moreover,
In the 1970s Mireille Delmas-Marty proposed the creation of a general
environmental crime, committed by anyone who, “without any justification of
social interest, by negligence or for profit, carries out an action whose
effect is to modify the ecological balance in a serious and irreversible way,
or to impact human health or animal life, causing essential alteration in soil,
air or water”. In 2008 Corinne Lepage, president of the environmentalist
movement “Cap 21” and former Minister of Environment, proposed the introduction
into Article 521-1 CC of the general offence of “délinquance écologique”. She defended environmental interests outside of her
political career, by involvement in numerous NGOs. She wrote a report for the French Minister of the
Environment, Jean-Louis Borloo, a report on "environmental
governance".[1]
The Environmental Code, which introduces rules applicable to the different
environmental components and contains provisions punishing the infringement of
the rules with criminal sanctions.[2]
Recognizing solutions of France to environmental crime, legislative activism
has created multiple administrative sanctions as regards to the environmental
and human health. As mentioned
previously, environmental protection has gained a
constitutional status in France, it detects environmental violations and the
Environmental code depends on administrative rules and regulations with
criminal sanctions. There are regulations such as the Q&A guide to
environment law in France, ooks at key practical issues including emissions to
air and water; environmental impact assessments; waste; contaminated land and
environmental issues in transactions. On
the other hand, pollution in France is a serious problem due to the
accumulation of industrial contaminants, agricultural nitrates, and waste from
the nation's cities. French cities produce about 18.7 million tons of solid
waste per year.
In the mid-1970s there
were laws governing air pollution, waste disposal and chemicals, which had
“polluter pays” principle, however they had a little effect on the reduction of
pollution. An attempt to ban the dumping of toxic wastes
entirely and to develop the technology for neutralizing them proved less
successful, however, the licensing of approved dump sites was authorized in the
early 1980s.[3]
To reduce the threats on environmental crime, it is
essential to recognize crime as a serious threat to sustainable development, it
is a time critical issue that urgently requires a substantial, committed and
sustained global response; as well as by strengthen of sharing ODA (Official
Development Assessment), which, its main objective is the
promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries.[4]
This can led to capacity building and technological support to relevant
agencies. For this to happen financial support is needed, so developed
countries with a high economic level should join the sharing such as England,
USA, Canada and other world powers. Furthermore, nations should develop an administrative reform to
combat corruption, particularly through the introduction of technology to
remove direct human contact involved in areas such as trade in natural
resources. Introducing technology to areas would need the support of countries
with the highest technology development in the world such as Japan, USA,
Finland, South Korea, Germany, China, Canada, Russia and United Kingdom.
Wecf International,
16/03/15, Corinne Lepage, from, http://www.wecf.eu/english/about-wecf/organization/team/corinne-lepage.php
National
Geographic, 2017, France History, from:
Dr. Floriana Bianco,
University of Catania, Uiversity of Catania, Manuscript completed in February
2015 ,Fighting Environmental Crime in France: A Country Report, form http://efface.eu/fighting-environmental-crime-france-country-report
United Nations, 3 JULY
2006, “United Nations Member States”, from https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm
Nations Enciclopedia, 2017,
“France Environment”, form, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/France-ENVIRONMENT.html
OECD, 2016, “Official
Development Assistance- definition and coverage”, from; http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm
Mesh News, August 21 2016, “TOP 10 COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST TECHNOLOGY IN
THE WORLD 2017”, from; http://www.themeshnews.com/top-10-countries-with-highest-technology-in-the-world-2016/
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